http://dspace.cas.upm.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2 Tue, 12 May 2026 09:20:11 GMT 2026-05-12T09:20:11Z http://dspace.cas.upm.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/bitstream/id/3fb3f99a-5fb0-4484-bd3a-939799cd8306/DBS Seal for DSpace.png http://dspace.cas.upm.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/2 http://dspace.cas.upm.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3685 Tayaw Shi Ke’Dot: An Ethnographic Study on the Cultural Significance of Pig Offerings in the Ibaloy Rituals in Loakan, Baguio Tapalla, Bianca Pauline L. Tayaw Shi Ke 'dot is a sacred lbaloy ritual that summons ancestral spirits through prayer, dance, and animal offering. This study examines the cultural and symbolic significance of pig offerings in Ibaloy ritual practice in Loakan, Baguio, situating the ritual within ongoing processes of cultural continuity amid modernization. The study employs ethnographic methods, including participant observation and semi-structured interviews with elders and ritual specialists (mambunong), to analyze how pig offerings are performed, interpreted, and transmitted across generations. Findings indicate that pig offerings function as central ritual mediators that reinforce lbaloy identity, ancestral reciprocity, and communal cohesion. The offering facilitates socialization and the intergenerational transmission of ritual knowledge. Ritual efficacy is signaled through the pig's vocalization, while the animal's accessibility enables broad community participation. Gendered roles in caring for, sacrificing, and distributing the pig reflect and reproduce culturally defined social order. Beyond their material value, pigs operate as symbolic vessels linking the living, the ancestors, and Kabunian. This study contributes to symbolic anthropology and Indigenous ritual studies by demonstrating how animal offerings operate as multivocal symbols that sustain cultural continuity, social relations, and cosmological balance within an Indigenous community navigating modern change. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://dspace.cas.upm.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3685 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://dspace.cas.upm.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3684 A Study of the Effects of Overseas Contract Work on Ethnic Prejudice Rosario, Maria Sheila M. The hypothesis that overseas contract work leads to less ethnic attitudes (A form of the Contact Hypothesis) was tested in this study. A social distance scale was constructed to measure ethnic prejudice and administered to two types of sample groups -- Overseas Contract Workers (Contact Group) and the Philippine Local Working Public (No-Contact Group). Each set of samples consisted of 150 respondents each. The findings of the study demonstrate a lack of consistency in the Contact Hypothesis. A significant t-Test computation was arrived at when the Grand Total Mean Social Distance Scores of the Contact (4.19) and No-Contact Groups (4.52) were compared (t = -2.30, a. = .05). This manifests a confirmation of the hypothesis on an overall level for all foreigners. However, both significant and insignificant t-Test figures were found for the individual nationalities. Levels of prejudice of those who have gone abroad to work (Contact Group) and those who have never been abroad (No-Contact) were significantly different for only half of the nationalities represented in the scale. Opinions for the other half did not substantially differ. In addition to testing the Contact Hypothesis, a comparative analysis was made of the levels of prejudice between those who have worked abroad and those who have never been abroad. The results of the study indicate very similar trends in both the Contact and No-Contact Groups. First, only a moderate degree of prejudice is possessed by the two sets of samples (4.19 &4.52, respectively). Second, similar levels of prejudice are found for the Middle East nationals (F COMPUIED = 0.37, Fco1mm:o = 0.25, F1 ABULAR = 2.22) and, inversely, for the Asians (F COMPUIED = 2.70, F COMPUIED = 5.11, F1 ABULAR = 2.22). Finally, a high preference for Asians over Middle East nationals, as individual nationality groups and as a world region, is manifested by both sample groups (t = -2.97 and t = -3.09). Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT http://dspace.cas.upm.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3684 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z http://dspace.cas.upm.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3682 Caring for the Community-Based Filipino Elderly Rubin, Evelyn A. As the trend of modernization implies negative implications on the status of the elderly, aging is an issue to deal with. Researches noted that the elderly continues to bear low life quality. And seemingly the projections on their increase in population has called for the shift to formal care. It is in this line that this study was undertaken. Primarily, this aimed to investigate the nature of the existing elderly care system in the country or how the elderly are being taken care of. Using the descriptive method of research, data were gathered through survey of literature, state policies and laws on the elderly, state departments and offices and public hospitals---aimed to address the various needs of the older people. Essentially, a review of the benefits and privileges offered to senior citizens was performed. With the passing of RA 7432 or the Senior Citizens' Act of 1992, these provisions were made available to the Filipino elderly. And it only proved that the State has been responding to the needs of the older Filipino, positively. However, the results of the interviewer-assisted survey conducted with the military elderly, and their dependents---wives, have established that these arc short of actualizing themselves. Still, with unfulfilled needs of health, economic and psychosocial concerns, the elderly demanded for their privileges. Their suggestions for the provision of free medicine and other health benefits, increase in pension and transportation services were found to be keeping the senior members of the society in a less-privileged status. It is proposed from here that there should be updated comprehensive studies on the status of the older Filipinos, with emphasis on the gender differences, urban-rural area concerns and on a much larger sample. Further, allocation of funds is also deemed necessary to realize a comprehensive and continuous health service as well as economic security for the said population. Lastly, empowering the elderly would mean their actual participation as the principal benefactor of these programs. Tue, 01 Apr 1997 00:00:00 GMT http://dspace.cas.upm.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3682 1997-04-01T00:00:00Z http://dspace.cas.upm.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3678 A Single Case Study on Yaya’s Role in the Behavioral Development of Autistic Children Roan, Angelito Demeris Y. Autism is a developmental disability characterized by a disorder in basic psychological functions. Several autism-related disorders are grouped under the heading Pervasive Developmental Disorder. Special educational programs using behavioral methods have proven to be helpful. These are programs that tends to enhance their ability to communicate and socialize with other people. The programs suited for autistic children have been the subject of many researches. This research focused on program intervention designed to strengthen Eye Contact behavior. The research aims to: ( 1) determine the perceptions, attitudes and views of Yayas on autistic children; (2) identify the problems encountered by the Yayas in taking care of their wards; (3) to determine the extent in which Yayas affect the behavioral development of autistic children; and (4) to formulate and implement a training program geared specifically to be administered by the Yayas. The research employed a quasi-experimental research design to determine the effect of the training program and the kind of reinforcement used. The researcher conducted a semi-structured interview o gather data on perception, attitude and view of a yaya. A behavioral checklist was constructed and Systematic Observation was done to record the desired behavior. An Eye Contact Training Program was administered to a single child by his yaya while the researcher records the desired behavior. The research found that the perception, attitude and view of the yaya towards her ward affect the quality of care that was rendered to the child. Lack of understanding and knowledge on the nature of the disorder limits their capacity to extend proper care to the child. In line with this, most of their problems can be traced on insufficient information on what the child can and cannot do, and understanding of the nature of their behavior. The Eye Contact Training Program has a considerable effect on developing the Eye Contact behavior of the child. This was shown on the Pre- and Post- administration of the program wherein the response changed from poor and low to moderate. However, the results of the program cannot be used to account to the overall effectivity of the program because of the limited period of administration. In line with this, several recommendations were given to those concerned with the research. Recommendation on the implementation and administration of the program, reinforcements to be used and the work environment were also given. Mon, 01 Mar 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://dspace.cas.upm.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3678 1999-03-01T00:00:00Z