Rizal Hall@100

A Witness to History. A Testament to Excellence

Rizal Hall@100: A Witness to History, A Testament to Excellence

Introduction

Every academic year, hundreds of freshies climb up the historic stairs of Rizal Hall, more commonly known as RH, to attend their general education (GE) subjects in the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS). While some would hold their classes at the Gusaling Andres Bonifacio (GAB), chances are they would still pass by RH to get to their GAB classrooms. RH is located along Padre Faura Street in Ermita, Manila, surrounded by equally historic buildings such as the Department of Justice (DOJ), the Supreme Court (SC), and right across is the Philippine General Hospital (PGH). It is one of the first buildings built in the University of the Philippines (UP) and continues to be one of the primary structures of UP Manila. Indeed, it can be considered as the cradle of UP Manila students’ learning since they have to take their GE subjects at RH regardless of their course. As its history attests, its relevance was not solely confined to providing quality GE subjects to all UP Manila students; it was also able to offer its curricular programs as well, both at the undergraduate and graduate level. Knowing the history of Rizal Hall is important for “buildings reflect the essence of a time and a place like no other kind of artifact. More than just an arrangement of spaces we inhabit, buildings are the material manifestation of our collective values, creative potentials, and logistics of survival” (Lico, 2018).

A UP Manila student’s life is incomplete without having to pass by RH for aside from attending GE classes in this historic building, one has surely attended a forum or two in the Little Theater (now the UP Manila Theater), located in between RH and GAB. The RH steps in front of the UP Oblation is also witness to numerous student and faculty protests with regards to relevant social issues affecting not only the University but the nation as well. And of course, who would miss the annual Oblation Run where members of the Alpha Phi Omega (APO) fraternity run naked around the campus while holding placards stating their particular advocacies, such as HIV/AIDS awareness among the youth, promotion of press freedom, and campaign against extra-judicial killings, among others. While the opening program is usually held at the RH lobby, the culminating part of the said activity is usually held at the RH steps facing the CAS parking lot. During ordinary days, students could be found bustling at the RH lobby, either killing time, socializing, or having group study reviewing for their exams or working on a group project. A former faculty member from the Department of Arts and Communications (DAC) offers his recollection of RH:

What I found impressive in the PGH compound—as well as the Rizal Hall that was to become the College of Arts and Sciences—was the sense of free space shaped by arches and round columns that I loved in classical and neoclassic buildings, and the airiness induced by high ceilings and long corridors that led out into the open (de Ungria, 2009).

Looking back, RH bears witness to the beginnings of the University as a premier academic institution in the country. It offered a haven for students, faculty, and administrators alike for two decades until the War broke out in 1941, leaving it heavily damaged. It was reconstructed after the War when it was able to house the Institute of Public Administration, the University Extension Division, the Statistical Training Center, and the University Preparatory High School. The institutes were eventually transferred to the mother colleges, while the University Preparatory High School was integrated with the University High School in Diliman, leaving the University Extension Division at RH, which was renamed College of Arts and Sciences. When the autonomous UP in Manila was created in 1983 under President Edgardo Angara, it became the mandate of CAS to provide the GE curriculum for the health sciences programs in UP Manila. [CAS UP Manila, n.d.]

Today, RH continues to house the CAS offering different degree programs in the physical sciences, mathematics, computer science, social sciences, behavioral sciences, arts, and humanities. This is where UP Manila students take up their GE subjects which aim to equip them with a broad perspective in engaging with social issues and realities, a trademark of being an “Iskolar ng Bayan.”

The Beginnings of Rizal Hall

It was no less than Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison, considered as the most loved of all American governors-general in the Philippines due to his expressed sympathy with the Filipino cause, who graced the occasion of the RH cornerstone laying on December 15, 1919. In his speech entitled “Rizal as a Patriot, Author, and Scientist,” he explained why the building should be named after Jose Rizal:

Addressing a university audience, I have selected three points in the life and writing of Dr. Rizal for your consideration. First is his patriotism. This university must devote its best efforts to teaching the students of to-day and those of coming generations that form of pure and unselfish patriotism that we find in the writings and sayings of Dr. Rizal. We have been gratified to follow the course in debate and in action of the students of this university in devoting their attention in a purely non-partisan way to the consideration of public questions of the day, but I address myself to the faculty as well as to the students for consideration of the form which that patriotism should take…

Bearing all these things in mind, it seems to me that we can justly appreciate Rizal’s love of science and his final martyrdom as the greatest contribution to the freedom of thought ever given by any one man to the Filipino people. This hall which we are about to dedicate, reserved as it is to be for the study of science, is the most fitting monument to the name of Rizal that could be devised. Here he alive to-day I have no doubt he would feel an infinitely greater inspiration in the thought that his name was to be attached to this great edifice and that his memory was to be preserved by the study of young Filipinos, men and women, in the natural sciences than he would be in that splendid statue erected down there on the Bagumbayan to perpetuate the memory of his patriotic death.

Now, my friends, in dedicating this edifice to progress, I believe that it will stand for progress as long as the Filipino people themselves remain progressive and as long as you will fight the battle for liberty of thought and of reason, and, I believe, also, that Dr. Rizal, if he has any conscious knowledge in those ethereal spaces to which his soul has been summoned, will summon the youth of his beloved country to dare all, to endure all, and, if needs be, to suffer all that he himself had dared, endured, or suffered in order that science may not perish from the face of the earth (Harrison, 1919).

In his speech, Harrison paid homage to Rizal by emphasizing Rizal’s patriotism as a source of inspiration for students, his writings as a motivation for students to do their duties, and his scientific endeavor to teach the students the importance of liberating the human mind from ignorance. For him, naming the building that was dedicated to the study of science after Jose Rizal would give Rizal a more fitting tribute than the splendid statue erected in Bagumbayan where he was martyred on December 30, 1896.

The completion of RH materialized during the term of Guy Potter Benton, the second and last American to serve as President of UP from 1921-1923. Aside from University reorganization, one of his projects was the completion of new buildings. Thus, during the first meeting with the Board of Regents (BOR) on April 23, 1921, he recommended the completion of buildings within UP which was still under construction at that time. Fortunately, the Board willingly took heed of his recommendation by approving the transfer of funds for unfinished projects in the University. It was completed in time for the opening of the second semester of the academic year 1921-1922 (Bauzon, 1985). It was a welcome addition to the existing University Hall and Freer Chemistry laboratories (Jose et al., 2011). Thus, RH was one of the academic buildings completed during the Benton presidency (Bauzon, 1985).

Plans for building construction and improvements were continued during the term of Rafael Palma, who served as UP’s third President for a decade, from 1923 to 1933. His realization of UP generating its funding instead of relying on legislative appropriations prompted him to submit a financial plan to the Legislature on May 3, 1924, wherein he proposed that tuition fees collected would be designated for infrastructure improvements within the University. It was approved in November 1924 and from then on, adjacent buildings were constructed to accommodate the increasing need for classrooms and laboratories as well as faculty offices (Churchill, 1985).

As part of Palma’s building construction and improvements plan which continued until 1932, more projects were completed. In 1926, the quadrangle of the College of Liberal Arts (RH) was completed, together with the College of Medicine annex along Herran Street (now Pedro Gil Street) and the central building of the College of Engineering. Meanwhile, the University Library, found along Padre Faura Street in-between RH and the University Hall, was completed in 1931 (its construction started in 1928) (Churchill, 1985). A botanical garden was also completed in Padre Faura campus, while the eastern wing of RH was completed in 1926, which housed the Department of Economics due to its growing importance and the need for additional space (Jose et al., 2011). Among the aforementioned University buildings, only RH remains part of UP Manila (the University Hall is now occupied by the DOJ while the University Library now houses the Supreme Court).

Palma’s infrastructure project continued until 1932 when funds ran out and the legislature had substantially slashed the University’s budget. Despite the improvements made during his term, Palma seemed unsatisfied with the results, especially after learning that the Little Theater and the Faculty Hall were still being used to hold classes to augment the scarcity of classrooms (Churchill, 1985). Indeed, classroom shortage seems to be one of the perennial issues being faced by the University up to the present.

Rizal Hall in the 1930s

One of the momentous occasions for RH in the 1930s was the unveiling of the UP oblation, which took place under the term of Jorge C. Bocobo who took his oath as the fifth President of UP on September 24, 1934. However, it was Palma who earlier commissioned Guillermo Tolentino “to conceive and execute a monument that would identify the UP Padre Faura campus” (Aquino, 1991). It was unveiled on November 30, 1935, during the National Heroes’ Day celebration, with no less than Gregoria de Jesus as the guest of honor. The sculpture would become the University’s symbol and a masterpiece of Guillermo Tolentino (Jose et al., 2011). When UP’s transfer to Diliman took place during the 1948-1949 semestral break, the UP oblation was transferred as well from its original position at the UP quadrangle at Padre Faura (Aguilar, 2009).

An alumna, Teodora Tiglao, shares her fond recollections of her university life, which will take us back to UP before the outbreak of World War II:

Happily, all the other buildings still stand—Villamor Hall which used to be the Conservatory of Music and now the Supreme Court; Rizal Hall, the only remaining building occupied by UP; University Hall, where the Registrar’s Office and the Colleges of Law and Education were located, and now the Department of Justice; the imposing Engineering Building which now houses the Court of Appeals; the Alumni Building which became the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA); and finally the Office of the Chancellor, the Colleges of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Medical Professions. And of course, the Library, the unforgettable library which used to be the repository not only of books but many a love story.

One is saddened by the fact that these buildings have been given away to other government offices, otherwise the old UP Campus atmosphere could have been preserved. Only Rizal Hall which used to house the Botany and Zoology Laboratories remains. The Rizal Theater still exists but it has lost its old ambiance. It used to be the center of cultural events. In those days, as one sat in the theater and other areas of Rizal Hall, one is either enthralled or distracted by the rising crescendos of the vocalists, pianists, violinists, etc. from across the Conservatory of Music. The former UP Infirmary across Padre Faura, now the College of Dentistry, still stands. How I dreaded going to this Infirmary for the physical examinations during registration days!

And, of course, I miss the Quadrangle, the inimitable quadrangle that occupied the space between Rizal Hall and the University Hall and the Library. Here, the annual Cadena de Amor festivals were held, the Seniors passing the chain of responsibility to the Juniors as a culminating activity of the Woman’s Club and the beginning of the Commencement Week (Tiglao, 1991).

The Cadena de Amor, which used to be held at the UP Quadrangle, was introduced in 1934 by the Dean of Women Ursula Uichanco, which was inspired by the Daisy Chain Rites of Vasar College. It was part of the University’s efforts to institute formal ceremonies and rituals, like the Lantern Parade which was also introduced in 1934 and has become a regular part of the University’s Christmas celebrations. Like the Lantern Parade, the Cadena de Amor became an annual event during those days, a chance for graduating senior female students to dress elegantly and pass on their responsibilities to the junior class in a ceremony (Jose et al., 2011).

One could not help but imagine the pre-war UP as described by Ms. Tiglao. Indeed, Rizal Hall was etched in her memory as the only remaining building occupied by UP, where the Botany and Zoology laboratories were housed, where she could hear music from the Conservatory of Music, and where festivities such as the Cadena de Amor took place in the nearby Quadrangle. Memories of RH and other iconic spots in UP can also be glimpsed from the recollections of another UP alumnus as can be read below:

…The images of the University Hall and the Rizal Hall where we attended classes… the Main Library where he spent long hours reviewing for an exam; the grandstand where he listened every Thursday to the convocation speakers expound on the readiness of the Philippines for independence from America; the parade ground where he marched with other “ducrows” in the heat of the afternoon sun to the martial music of the U.P. band; the gym where he built his muscles with weights while developing his mind with books…all these experiences will remain etched in my mind as long as I live… (from Delfin Gonzales, Sr. “A stroll down memory lane,” in UPAA 2008 Centennial Yearbook, Volume 2: Leadership; quoted in Jose et al., 2011).

Rizal Hall during World War II (1941-1945)

The University suffered a major blow with the outbreak of World War II. When the Japanese occupied Manila in 1942, the Japanese military seized the University’s main buildings as well. Consequently, only some units continued their operations due to their immediate importance, such as the Schools of Dentistry, Forestry, and Hygiene, as well as the Colleges of Agriculture, Medicine, and Veterinary Science, with only the buildings of the Philippine General Hospital and the College of Medicine being available for the holding of classes. Since the Japanese made sure that no opposing ideology would be allowed in the University, only colleges in the technical and scientific units were allowed to open. Thus, courses in the social sciences and humanities were temporarily halted from being offered (Lazaro, 1985).

When the war broke out in 1942, Bienvenido Ma. Gonzalez was President of the University. He resigned in October 1943 to save the University from becoming a tool of Japanese propaganda. He was replaced by Antonio G. Sison who was appointed by President Jose P. Laurel and continued serving his term until February 1945, until Dr. Gonzalez was reelected as UP President in June 1945 (Lazaro, 1985). Dr. Gonzalez faced the challenges of making the University rise from the ruins after the war. The turmoil that the University had to endure as a result of the war was recorded by the President in his annual report:

When the din of battle died down, the University found its building severely damaged. Ruined edifices and twisted steel, halls once imposing, now shell-pocked or sprawled in rubbish, were telltale evidences of the terrible ordeal the University had gone through. The records, libraries, offices, laboratories, and the valuable scientific equipment in these, were a total loss. A conservative estimate based on original values of the material losses sustained by the University approaches the P10,000,000 mark. In view of the foregoing, when the time came for the University to reopen, the first problem that presented itself was the location (Lazaro, 1985).

By 1945, RH was left shattered with shells as a result of the heavy street fighting between American and Japanese troops (Jose et al., 2011). When the warfare subsided, the University’s main buildings were ruthlessly damaged. Only the Institute of Radium Therapy in PGH was available for temporary use. When the University decided to open its first academic year after the war, among the first units that reopened were the College of Liberal Arts, Medicine (including the School of Dentistry), Pharmacy, Engineering, Law, and Education, the UP High School in Manila, Veterinary Science in Pandacan, and the Agricultural School of Forestry and the Rural High School in Los Baños. Because some units were unable to open and due to the destruction of the main buildings on the campus, there was a great decrease in enrolment during the academic year. The units that were not able to open were Business Administration, Arts and Sciences, the Institute of Hygiene, and the School of Public Health and Nursing (Lazaro, 1985).

Rizal Hall after World War II

A total amount of 13,000,000 pesos was allotted by the War Damage Commission to the University for its reconstruction program after the war. This was taken from the appropriation of 240,000,000 pesos from the U.S. Congress under the Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946. According to the said Act, the reconstruction of the University buildings should be covered by the allotted amount. Incidentally, the reconstruction program coincided with the University’s plans to transfer to Diliman in Quezon City (Lazaro, 1985).

The destruction of the Padre Faura campus made the transfer to Diliman a necessity. As long as the U.S. Army held on to the property, however, all plans for the transfer had to be put on hold. The US Army leased the land until June 1948, and after patiently waiting for two years, the College of Liberal Arts was ready to move. Fortunately, the CLA building, which had been almost complete when the war started, had barely been touched by the war. As soon as the Americans vacated the building, CLA could move in (Jose et al., 2011).

After the transfer to Diliman, a University Extension Division was opened in Manila in June 1951. It was meant to accommodate students who could not study at the main campus in Diliman but wanted to continue their UP education. Under Dr. Enrique Virata as its first Acting Director, evening classes for working students were offered. Among the courses offered were business administration, education, and law, as well as the first two years of the general course (Cortes, 1985). These courses could lead to an Associate in Arts or a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts, Business Administration, Education, and Law, as well as three graduate programs: Master of Education, Master of Arts, and Master in Industrial Management (CAS UP Manila, n.d.). Dr. Antonio G. Isidro was named Associate Director on April 15, 1952, and a year later, he succeeded Dr. Virata as Director (Cortes, 1985).

It was under UP President Dr. Vidal A. Tan (1951-1956) when the reconstruction of RH took place. With funds amounting to 750,000 pesos from the Philippine Council for the United States (PHILCUSA), RH at Padre Faura was reconstructed to house the Institute of Public Administration (IPA), created to produce more productive and more efficient government employees, to stimulate interest in public administration as a relevant discipline, and to place the Philippines at the forefront of such an educational undertaking in Southeast Asia. Aside from the IPA, the University Preparatory High School (UPHS) was also housed in RH when it opened in June 1954. Dr. Antonio G. Isidro of the College of Education supervised the UPHS while Prof. Nemesio R. Ceralde served as its first principal. The UPHS was established as a preparatory program of instruction for high school students for college work. It was meant to upgrade the high school curriculum to address the high rate of delinquencies among students annually, resulting in warnings, probations, and dismissals. Compared to ordinary high schools, its curriculum was enhanced with more subjects in the natural and social sciences, as well as the arts and the humanities. Having set the precedent for similar secondary schools, the UPHS was integrated with the University High School in Diliman in 1972 (Cortes, 1985). It was also moved out of RH partly due to increasing college enrolment in Manila (UPIS, n.d.). Hence, with the reconstruction of RH after the war, it came to be the home of the University Extension Division, the Statistical Learning Center, the Institute of Public Administration, and even the University Preparatory High School (Cortes, 1985).

The Birth of the College of Arts and Sciences at Rizal Hall

RH continued to bear witness to the developments in the University. In 1966, the supervision of some programs, such as the graduate program in education and the undergraduate program in Business Administration, were transferred to the mother colleges as a result of the BOR resolution specifying the Plan of Operations for the Extension Division, to wit: the limitation of curricular offerings to undergraduate courses of CAS; and the creation of an Academic Advisory Committee to oversee the program of courses with the Director of the Extension Division as chair, and the Dean of CAS (UP Diliman), and the Director for Undergraduate Studies as members. It was also the time when the University Extension Division was renamed College of Arts and Sciences, Manila unit (CAS UP Manila, n.d.).

Things started to take shape in the 1970s, starting with the elevation of the Manila unit to college status when its name was changed to “U.P. Extension in Manila” in 1970. The designation of its head was also changed from director to dean, thus Prof. David G. Wico who served as director from 1958 to 1969 became the first dean of CAS in his last year of service in the University. He was succeeded by Dr. Bonifacio S. Salamanca (1970-1978) from the Division of Social Sciences who instituted remarkable progress for the college. It was during his term when new degree programs were introduced, one of which was B.S. Biological Sciences. He also made sure that more full-time faculty members and administrative personnel were appointed, leading to the creation of three academic committees later evolving into the Divisions of Humanities, Physical and Biological Sciences, and Social Sciences. It was also during Dr. Salamanca’s term in 1973 when the name of the college was changed to “U.P. College in Manila” and the institution of day classes at RH began (UP Gazette, 1973).

Upon the directive of President O.D. Corpuz in 1975, the college was advised to re-examine its goals, resulting in the redirection of the college’s thrust to provide liberal arts and basic science education in UP Manila. When Dr. Nestor Pilar (1978-1984) from the Division of Social Sciences was appointed as Dean in 1978, the A.B. Development Studies program was offered. With the re-examination of the organizational structure and management of the University by the Management Review Committee (MRC) under the Presidency of Atty. Edgardo Angara, the BOR issued Executive No. 4 which created the autonomous UP in Manila on March 23, 1983 (UP Gazette, 1983). Based on this directive, the CAS would provide the general education curriculum for the health sciences program in UP Manila (CAS UP Manila, n.d.).

From then on, curricular and organizational developments started to take place under different deans. The CAS is fortunate enough to be administered by the following deans: Dr. David G. Wico from the Division of Social Sciences (1970); Dr. Bonifacio S. Salamanca from the Division of Social Sciences (1970-1978); Dr. Nestor D. Pilar from the Division of Social Sciences (1978-1984); Dr. Benjamin V. Lozare from the Division of Humanities (1984-1987); Dr. Angela P. Sarile from the Department of Arts and Communications (1987-1994); Prof. Fatima Alvarez-Castillo from the Department of Social Sciences (1994-1997); Dr. Josefina G. Tayag from the Department of Social Sciences (1997-2000); Dr. Marilou G. Nicolas from the Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics (2001-2006); Dr. Reynaldo H. Imperial from the Department of Social Sciences (2007-2012); Dr. Alex C. Gonzaga from the Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics (2013-2015); and the current Dean, Dr. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr. from the Department of Behavioral Sciences (2016-present) (CAS UP Manila, n.d.). Since this paper only covers the history of RH from 1919 (with the cornerstone laying of the building) to 1970 (with Dr. Wico’s appointment as the first dean of the CAS), accomplishments under each dean will be discussed more comprehensively in another paper. Instead, only some of the significant developments that transpired since 1970 will be mentioned in the following pages.

Under Dean Benjamin Lozare (1984-1987) from the Division of Humanities, the Division of Physical and Biological Sciences was renamed Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, while the B.S. Biological Sciences became B.S. Biology. Under the Division of Humanities, new programs were offered—B.A. Organizational Communication and B.A. Philippine Arts which were instituted between 1985-1987. Meanwhile, under the term of Dean Angela Sarile, the divisions were increased to five and were renamed as departments from 1987-1994. These departments were the Department of Biology, Department of Arts and Communications, Department of Physical Education, Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, and Department of Social Sciences. The Department of Behavioral Sciences became the sixth department in 2002 (CAS UP Manila, n.d.).

Some of the first programs offered by CAS in the 1970s were B.A. Political Science, B.A. Social Science, and B.A. Economics. In 1982, B.A. Development Studies was offered (Ong, n.d.), while the B.S. Biochemistry and B.S. Computer Science programs were introduced in 1996. Meanwhile, B.S. Applied Physics was offered by the Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics in 2011, while the Master of Management (Public Management and Business Management) as well as M.A. in Health Policy Studies (Health Social Science) were instituted in 1999 under the Department of Social Sciences. The M.S. Health Informatics, a joint program between the CAS and the College of Medicine was offered starting in 2005 (CAS UP Manila, n.d.).

RH has indeed come a long way since its completion in 1921 and is on its way to celebrate its centennial in the coming year. As the cradle not only of UP Manila but of the entire UP, it has served its purpose of being the bastion of knowledge to UP students and has witnessed the history of UP unfold right under its own roof. Perhaps Governor-General Harrison was right when he said that if Rizal were alive today, he would feel an infinitely greater inspiration in the thought that his name is attached to this great edifice and that it is the most fitting monument to his name that could be devised.

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